INFLUENCE OF FACEBOOKING AND SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The use of Social Network Sites (SNSs) among students of tertiary institutions especially, among higher institution students is becoming popular and fashionable. Most students do not want to be left out but get actively connected to the social media sites, and for that matter social websites and applications now proliferate. The question is whether students use social networking extensively for their academic work. Social network comprises a set of individuals who are interconnected through certain relationships such as friendship, co-working or information exchange (Garton, Haythornthwaite & Wellman, 1997). Social network has provided us the opportunity to connect with people and build better relationships with friends and relations. It brings down Communication barriers and raise users voice since users are able to communicate their thoughts and perceptions over different topics with a large number of audiences. It offers opportunities for businesses, since businesses have noticed the value of social networks in their life, and they are using different techniques to promote their products. On the other hand, the extensive use of social media can actually cause addiction to the users. It also leads to isolation since extreme usage of social media has reduced the level of human interaction. Larry (2011) in a paper presented at the 119th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, said pre-teens and teenagers who use technology, like the Internet and Video games, on a regular basis will have more stomach aches, sleeping problems, anxiety and depression. He pointed out that Teens who use facebook continuously may show narcissistic tendencies and young adults show more signs of other psychological disorders.
On the other hand, the age distribution of facebook users is concentrated on the younger categories where 300million users are 18-24 years old, and 120million users are between 13-17 years old (www.quintly.com). The previous website indicated a nearly equal distribution of users between males and females. Finally, Jordan accounted for 2.5million facebook users at the end of 2012, with similar-internet users’ size (www.internetworldstarts.com). The last statistics indicate that Jordanians use facebook through their mobiles, and the internet, such high penetration (38%) is indicative of the importance of facebook and the social media domain for young people.
The use of information and communication technology (ICT is an important factor that opened doors for distant learning. Such phenomenon is called “e-learning”, where ICT is used as a facilitator of communication, assignment management and task collaboration in universities (HarbAbu-Shanab, 2009). E-learning systems are becoming important not in university environment, but in Jordan concluded that e-learning systems are not fully utilized in Jordan and many applications are not used by students and instructors (Abu-Shanab, Ababneh & Momani, 2012). Such results indicate that it is important to reach students whenever they are especially on social media applications.
The impact of the internet on education is an important issue that has caught both educators’ and practitioners’ attention in recent years Momani, (2012). According to Harasim, 2012, three modes of education delivery make online education distinctive. They are:
Adjunt mode: Using networking to enhance traditional face-to-face education or distance education.
Mixed Mode: Employing networking as a significant portion of a traditional class-room or distance course.
Pure Online Mode: Relying on networking as the primary teaching medium for the entire course or program.
Among these three education delivery modes, the pure online mode has caught the most attention. Several successful cases or critical factors of pure online education have been reported, one major concern of online education is whether the learning effective. Many studies have been conducted to explore the effectiveness of web-based distance learning or asynchronous learning. For Kosh-Brunch, A; and Hershkovitz, A. (2012).
Among most studies showed that the learning outcomes of the distance learning or a synchronous learning are as effective as or more effective than those of traditional face-to-face teaching Van-Vooren, C. and Bes, C.(2013). The results were not conclusive since the learning material and goals might exert significant influence outcomes.
In views of the above the study find out the influence of facebooking and social media use on academic performance among University students in Oyo, Oyo State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The use of facebook and social media networking sites among students of tertiary institutions is now wide spread. It seems to becoming popular and Fashionable in the universitieswhich may one way or the other affect the performance of the students. The researchers are so much concerned about the students spending so much time on social networks chatting with friends, watching movies, posting photo, etc at the expense of academic activities. It is on the basis of this fact that the study was conducted to assess the influence of facebooking and social media on Academic performance of Nigeria Universities students in Oyo state, especially to see the influence of facebooking and social media in Lead City University, Koladaisi University, Ekiti State University in affiliation with Emmanuel Alayande College of Education & University of Ibadan in affiliation with Federal College of Education (special) Oyo.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this research is to determine whether facebook and social media network influence the academic performance of students’ inhigher institutions in Oyo state.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The following objectives will be considered in this study:
a. To discover how the students in higher institutions in Oyo state are using the social media sites;
b. To discover how the students higher institutions in Oyo state are using the social media network;
c. To determine how facebooking and social media sites can be used as a platform of educational learning for students higher institutions in Oyo state;
d. To study the uses and gratification drawn from social media and it effects of learning through facebooking and social media network sites;
e. To discover how the students higher institutions in Oyo state are using the social media network.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope covered types of social media devices as well as social network sites available and how it influenced the academic performance of students in some selected higher institution in Oyo state.
Students are exposed to various kinds of networking sites on the internet and this will help how the social networking sites can improved to be used as a platform for education learning for students in higher institution.
1.6 Research Questions
The following research questions were considered for the sake of this study:
1. How do students in higher institution are facebooking and uses of other social media network?
2. What are their benefits they are drawing from facebooking and use of other social media network?
3. What are the effects of facebooking and other social media network on students’ academic performance?
4. How does facebook and social media network can be used as a platform for educational learning in higher institution?
1.7 Research Hypotheses
1. There is no significant difference on the uses of facebook and other social media networks on students’ academic performance.
2. There is no significant difference between private university and Public University in facebooking and use of other social media networks.
3. There is no significant difference between male and female students using facebook and other social media networks
1.8 Definition of Terms
Social networking sites: this refers is a web-based service that allow individual to create a public profile, to create a list of user with whom to share connection and view and cross the connection within the system.
Facebook: This is a social media network designed for users to communicate and send message to friends.
Twitter: This is one of the social media platform use on phone to pass and communicate with friends and love ones.
2go: Is one of the social network uses to communicate and chat with other users.
Social media: Is the collective of online communication channels dedicated to community based input, interaction, content sharing and collaboration.
Facebooking: this is an act of exploring facebook, which is one of the social media network.
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITEATURE
This chapter will be discussed under the following sub headings:
Empirical Studies on use of Facebooking and Social Media on Academic Performance among Nigerian College of Educations Students in Oyo.
Social Networking as a tool for Teaching and Learning in Schools
Ways of Improving the Social Media Networks for Academic Performance of the Students.
Short Coming of Social Networking on Student Academic Performance
The Effects of Social Networks on an Individuals Performance
Factors Affecting Teaching and Learning in Nigeria Higher Institutions
2.0 Empirical Studies on Use of FaceBooking and Social Media on Academic Performance Among Nigerian University Of Educations Students n Oyo
The International phenomenon in the past several years what started out as a hobby for soma computer literate people has become a social norm and way of life for people from all over the world (Boyd, 2007). Teenagers and young adults hove especially embraced these sites as a way to connect with their peers, Shame Information, rein vent their personalities, and show case their social livers (Boyd, 2007). with their increase of technology used for communicating with others and the popularity of the internet, “social networking” an act, pity that is done primarily on the internet, with sites like my space, Face book, Bebo, Friend et al, (2008).Many people act lively paretic pate in content generation and value creation and al researchers (e.g. Young et al) (2009) have examined their profiles to determine why and to what extent they are keen on posting their entwine identity sharing pictures and vides, and indicating their relic groups affiliations, marital status, and political orientations on the internet. These users interact with others, Exchange information about their interest raise discussions about new topics.
Follow news about specific topics on different social networking sites. Tend gears now use the internet for the mayoralty then doily activities and information gathering, as opposed to older generations who used resources like the television or news payers (Lewis 2008). A recent survey showed that approximately ninety per cent of these teens in the united sties house in tenet access, and about seventy – five percent of these teens use the internet more than one per day (Kist, 2008). This study also showed that approximately half of all teens who halve internet access are also members of social networking sites, and friends (Kist, 2008.) In September, 2005 out of to tall audit internet users (18-29 years) 16% were using any social networking sites and this percentage increased to 86 % on may, 2010.
Tuchman (2005) defined performance as the apparent demonstration of understanding concepts, skulls, ideas and knowledge of a person and proposes that grades clearly depict the performance of a student. Hence, their academic performance must be managed efficiently keeping in view all the factors that can positively or negatively affect their educational performance. Use of technology such as internet is one of the most important factors that can influence educational performance of students positively or adversely. Shah et, el. (2001) proposed that student users. Are affected by the internet and this impact is de termini by the type of internet usage. They are positively affected by the informative use of the internet while housing drastic impact of recreational use of internet on them. Also Oskouel (2010) proposed that internet advantageous to both students’ teachers if used as a tool of knowledge creation and dissemination. Several studies have been done regarding social networking and grades white more school of business and economics recently conducted a survey of over 1,000 students. They asked questions regarding which social network sites were used, how much time they spent on a site, what their grade Pont average (GPA) was and what they were going to school for.
It was concluded that there is an correlation between how much time is spent on a social networking site and grades (martin, 2009). The University of New Hampshire agrees, and believes that current college students grew up in the technology era and social networking is now just a part of a student’s daily routine. Their research show that 63% of heavy users received high grades, comparedto65% of light’s (U of NH 2009). The University of New Hapmshire showed that majority of student’s use social networking for social connection and Entertainment, but are also using it for education and professional reasons. Kirschnera revealed that students who must task between social networking sites and home work are likely to have 20% lower grades than a student who does not have a social networking site in a visual range. Kirschnera believes that even running a social network site on the background on a student’s Pc while studying or doing homework could lower a student’s grade. He believe that “the problem is that most people have facebook or other social networking sites, their E-mails and may be instant messaging constantly running in the background while they are carrying out their task”, (Enriquez, 2010) American educational research association conducted a research and it was declared on its annual conference in San Diego, California (2009) that SNSs study less and generated lower grades eventually (21st Century Scholars. Org). Similarly, Banquilet (2009) found a continuing drop of grades among student’s users of social networking sites. However, many researcher also found a positive association between use of internet and SNS and academic performance of the student users students using internet frequency, scored higher on reading skills test and had higher grades as well (Linda et al, 2006). An ever increasing growth rate of SNS not only calls for the parental and teacher monitoring of student users but also attracting the focus of academicians on researchers towards this phenomenon.
Student’s use of social networking continues to create challenges and issues for higher education professionals and keeping abreast of these challenges has proved difficult because of the speed at which new technologies are being introduced (Bugeja, 2006; Caricaso, 2006; Finder, 2006; Quindle, 2006; Shier, 2005). There is evidence that higher education institutions have taken initiatives in disclosing information about online social networking involvement to their students (Read et al; 2006). An example is Cornell University’s “thoughts on face book”, which create students awareness about the responsible use of online social networking (Mitrano 2006). Following Cornell University, many institutions have adopted this approach to informing students by using anecdotal literature to guide their actions. (Korel, 2008). The study looks at social network in relation to its impact on academic needs. Social networks are studies with an educational context they are part of a virtual learning environment the class room is shifting in time and space with e-learning. The rampant use of social network for learning purposes by students makes this study imperative SMS are part of this virtual learning environment where the classroom is shifting in time and space.
2.1 Social Networking as a Tool for Teaching and Learning in Schools
Social networks are becoming major tools for education, and entertainment. The human nature is keen on interacting with people and finding common area and interest. In education, two streams are prevailing. The use of social network as a tool supporting activities deemed important for the purpose of education institution, instructors, and students. The second stream is the bad influence social network inflicts on students behavior and time management. The following section will review the literature related to the two streams and the performance issue related to the students.
Abu- Shanab and AL-Tarawneh (2013) researched the advantages and disadvantages of face book utilizing university students. A sample of 206 students responded to a survey conducing 10 advantages and 10 disadvantages of face book, and yielded I interesting results. The study did not focus on student’s academic performance, but took the issue as a general view of social media influence. This study will explore the relationship between performance and SN use.
2.2 Ways of Improving the Social Media Networks for Academic Performance of the Students
Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are becoming important tools for education support using computer and the internet is becoming more and more important in the learning and teaching process. Also, with the advent of mobile phones especially smart phones, it is becoming easier to reach students and even utilize the capabilities of technology. As an example a study utilized three group of students, where the assignment and interaction where conducted with three level:1) Traditional Methods,2) Four Us of Phones and 3) Extensive use of Smart Phones. In working on Mathematical assignment for school students (Nasser, 2014) the sample include 58 secondary students in Qatar. Result indicated a high performance of the smart phones group compared to the other two groups.
Many studies also focused on using SN application where they categorized them as productivity tools. Alonso et al (2013) listed many in their literature where they focused on mobile application and how they can accommodate the functionalities of learning management system.
Face book resulted in a significant improvement in student’s performance in universities. A study in a Vietnamese university concluded that students using face book as a social media has improved substantially with respect to their grades (Tuan and Tu, 2013). The same study also concluded that the improvements and value of social network sites was not related to the academic performance but also to the adaptation to the social environment of school. The same argument relating to the social absorption by student is reached by Gafni and Derl (2012), where they emphasized the role of social networks in socialization students and opening channels for finding more academic recourses this improving their academic achievement. Such result was not supported for senior secondary students, where social absorption is less relevant at later years and student experience might benefit more in academic area.
Social network is a strong tool for social interaction and connection, while it can improve facilities and friends in a rich social context. A study on 161 Tunisian students concluded that performance was improved because of student’s satisfaction with their family and friends relation (Rouis, 2012) the author emphasized the role of multi-tasking as a moderator of such relationship, where multi-tasking and students interest in university will help enhance performance based on face book use.
The use of face book was associated with co-curricular activities, which might be considered a positive impact of social media on student performance.
2.3 Short Coming of Social Networking on Student Academic Performance
This research explain the natives influence of face book on students, where a study by Haq and chand (2012) utilized a sample of 384 students and concluded that face book use has an adverse influence on students academic performance. The study noticed that males and females spent equal time on the internet where females used face book more, but male had more friends than females. The important difference was that face book user has an adverse influence on male’s performance than females. The authors accounted such adverse performance because males spend more time on sport and games activities than females, which cause a loss of time and an influence on performance.
Some university embedded that use of computers tables and other technology channels in their educational set up. A study that focused on the issue of multi-tasking in class room conclude to the fact that students who use ICT and involve in multi-tasking (example like text messaging, face book, internet searching, emailing, and instant massaging). Would have lower GPA, which means lower academic performance based on their behavior to such use of ICT, and concluded that multi-tasking would result in a high risk taking behavior.
It is imperative to realize that time spent on social activities (using face book or other social media) will be on the account of academic performance. This logic is important regardless of the positive side we see in SNs. A study that utilized students in a us university concluded to a negative relationship between time spent by students on online social networks and their academic performance (Paul et al ) the authors pointed to the importance of using face book and other social media tools wisely and towards a productive time in class rooms and back home
`The same study mentioned in the previous section, regarded the improvement of social absorption and academic achievement (Gafni&Der 2012). Concluded that using face book by students consumes time and thus negatively influencing academic performance. Using mobile phones for texting and social network access was also explored to see if it is related to the engagement level in class rooms, where research indicated that engagement is closely related to lower performance results. (Paul &Gelish, 2011): such issue emphasizes the distraction that social media cause, but not to the extent of risking academic performance.
Social network use is related to personality of students where some students are influenced more than others depending on their personality. A study of Swedish unwersity students utilized 239 undergraduate students filling a survey related to their face book use (Rouis etal.2011). Result indicated that the extraverted personalities will lead to poor academic performance. The author concluded also that self- regulation and goal orientation. (Related to performance) characterized the students who are more in control of this social activity, and this better an academic performances.
The times spent on using face book were significantly associated with negative performance of students. In a study that involved 3866 us students. The other indication that showed significant association with performance is time spent preparing material for classes, where students devoted some time for sharing resources and material using face books or other social media website (Junco, 2012b) Table 2 below summarizes the literature related to the negative influence of face book on performance.
2.4 The Effects of Social Networks on an Individuals Performance
There is a growing body of studies emphasizing that individual are embedded in their societies. Thus, the related social structure, through sometimes invisible is often associated with instrumented outcomes, including power innovation, learning outcomes, and job performance.
Haythornthwaite examined the distance learner interaction in class and profiled student’s role and information exchange among distance learners social network. In a university course, guider and stone wine stock emphatically demonstrated that appropriate arrangement of groups according to each students position in a social network might increased the students learning satisfaction and academic performance. The social network approach holds that the behavior of an individual is affected by the kinds of relations, or technical ties and networks more than by the norms and attributes that an individual passes. The social information or material resource that two individuals exchange characterize their ties. In social network analysis, these resource exchanges termed “Relations”. Some positive and negative relations are assumed to be related to an individual’s performance Researcher’s empirically demonstrated that friendship and advice relations were positively related to a student’s academic performance and an employee’s job performance. On the other hand, the effects on an adversarial network were negatively related to performance. It seems with while to investigate the effects of the three social networks on students performance online and offline.
Centrality is one of the most important concepts in social network analysis. The most common notion is that if a person is central in his or her group, he or she is the most popular individual in the group and gets the most attention. In early sociometry literature, centrality is called social status and the sociometric concept of “star” refers to the same idea. Intuitively, a point is central if it is at the center of many connection’s the simplest and the most straight forward way to measure “point centrality” is by the degree of connecting in the graph. Therefore, it is interesting to study the relationship between an individual’s centrality in campus social networks (Friendship, advising and adversarial networks) and his or her performance in the classroom and in the forum.
2.5 Factors Affecting Teaching and Learning in Nigeria Higher Institutions
It has been assumed that major problems facing teaching and learning process in colleges of education in Nigeria includes: School learning environment, teacher’s working condition and instructional materials of learning.
2.5.1 SCHOOL LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Many schools have argued that learning environment are variables that can affects student’s academic achievements Adeyemo, S.A (2012). The importance of learning environment to educational development was so uphold by the authorities and regulatory institutions that schools inspectors were parts and parcel of the school system before the advent of military regime in the country. They neglect this aspect has rescued due to poor funding by the successive regimes of government in the country also reflected in paucity of studies that focuses on this issue. As such learning environment remains an important area that should be studies and well managed to enhance student’s academic performance.
The poor academic performance of students in Nigeria College of education has been of much concern to the government, parents, and teachers and even to students themselves. Out the quality of education not only depends on the teachers performing their duties, but also in the effective co-ordination of the school’s learning environment (Ajao, 2001).
Learning environment which included lecture hail, offices, space planning, administrative place planning circulation spaces planning, spaces for conveniences planning, general infrastructure planning, the teacher as well as the students themselves are essential In teaching and learning process. The extent to which students learning could be enhanced depends on their location within the school compound, the structure of their class room, availability of instructional facilities and accessories. It is believed that a school with adequate learning environment that will facilitate good academic performance, by encouraging effective teaching and learning.
Student’s academic performance refers to the degree of a student’s accomplishment his or her tasks and studies. The most well-known indicator of measuring academic performance is grades with reflect the students “score” for their subject and overall tenure. Success is measured by academic performance in most educational institution.
2.5.2 TEACHER’S WORKING CONDITION
Research has consistently demonstrated that teacher make a greater difference in student’s achievement than any other single school factor. However, across the state and throughout the nation at large for virtually any business or organization, the conditions I which employee work deuce their satisfaction and productivity. Schools are no different previous research data indicate that professional development, Leadership, empowerment, and facilities and resource will improve students’ learning conditions and help return teacher.
National research demonstrates the importance of addressing school conditions to improve teacher retention. Teacher who leave schools cite an opportunity for a better teaching assignment, dissatisfaction with workplace condition as the main reason why they seek other opportunities. Teachers and administrators are the most important factors influencing whether they stay in a school. In national surveys, teachers identified excessive workload, lack of time and frustration with reform efforts as areas in need of focus and improvement. Additionally, a recent survey of 2,000 educators from California found that 28 percent of teachers who left before retirement indicated that they could come back if improvements were made to teaching and learning conditions. Monetary incentives ‘were found to be less effective in luring them back. Finding from the center for teaching quality’s analysis of the 2004 north Carolina teacher working condition survey demonstrated that the supportive school environment where teachers are partners in decision making with school leaders who have a strong instructional emphasis are not just critical to keeping teachers but improving students learning. The 2004 data showed that schools were teachers agreed that these critical working conditions were in place were more likely to receive a top designation on the state’s ABC student performance measure and make adequate yearly progress <AYP> when controlling for students poverty, school size and other factors.
Addressing these working conditions and building a sense of trust in schools are critical factors in reforming schools, as both have been linked to greater teacher effectiveness. One of the most existence examinations of working conditions data revealed “a clear but difficult lesson; if we want to improve the quality of our teachers and schools, we need to improve the quality of the teaching job”. Teacher working conditions matters, the schools authority need to consider and responds to data from those whose perception matter most; their own classroom teachers who are intimately aware of the successes and areas of concerns in their own schools and communities. The teacher working stake surely conditions survey continues to provide educators, stake holders, policy maker and the community with this critical understanding of the status of working conditions in schools across the country.
2.5.3 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS OF LEARNING
Instructional materials is a generic terms used to described the resource lecturers/teachers use to deliver instruction. Teaching materials can support students learning and increase student’s success. Ideally, the teaching materials will be tailored to the content in which they are being used to the students in whose class they are been used and the teacher. Teaching materials come I many shapes and sizes, but they all have in common the ability to support students learning.
Teaching materials can refer to a number of teacher resources, however, the term usually refers to concrete examples, such as worksheets or manipulative (learning tools or games that students can handle them gain and practice facility with new knowledge).Teaching materials are different from teaching “resource”, the latter including more theoretical and intancjible elements, such as essays or supports from other educators, or place or find teaching materials.
Learning materials are important because they can significantly increase student’s achievements by supporting students learning. For example, a worksheet may provide students with important opportunities to practice a new skill gained in class. This process aids in the learning process by allowing the students to explore the knowledge independently as well as providing repetition. Learning materials, regards less of what kind, all have some function in students learning.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the methodology used carrying out this project, the following heading explained to give insight in to the method used /adopted by the researcher. Research Design, Population of the study, Research instrument, Sample and Sampling technique, Reliability of the instrument procedure for data collection and procedure for data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
The study was a descriptive design of survey type; it sampled a number of respondents in higher institutions in Oyo state in order to investigate the influence of facebooking and social media use on academic performance among higher institution of learning.
3.2 Population of the Study
The population of the study comprises of all students in higher institutions, in Oyo state. Hence, 100 students were randomly selected from three considered universities.
3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique
For the purpose of this study, students from higher institutions in Oyo state which comprises: Lead City University Ibadan, University of Ibadan in affiliation with Federal College of Education, (Special), Oyo and Ekiti State university of Education in affiliation with Emmanuel Alayande College of Education were selected through purpose and systematic random sampling techniques. A total of 100 students were used for the study the self-structured questionnaireswere distributed to the respondents.
3.4 Research Instrument
After an intensive literature review, the instrument used for collection of relevant information for this study was a self – made questionnaire. Influence of Facebooking and Social Media use on Academic Performance among University students in Oyo, Oyo state.
The questionnaire consist of an introductory part which explain the topic of the study, and two sec two A and B. section A deals with the personal fifteen (15) structural statement and two point privately. The questionnaire forms were distributed to students in University of Ibadan in affiliation with Federal College of Education, Special Education, Oyo and Ekiti State university of Education in affiliation with Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo state.
The questionnaire consist of an introductory years which explain the topic of the study, and two section A and B. Section A deals with the personal data of the respondent’s while section B contains fifteen (15) structural statements and two points like rating scale of Yes or No to be ticked appropriately. The questionnaire forms were distributed to students in University of Ibadan in affiliation with Federal College of Education, Special Education, Oyo and Ekiti State university of Education in affiliation with Emmanuel Alayande College of Education Oyo State.
3.5 Validity of the Instrument
To ensure face and content validity, the instrument used was subjected to test retest and the errors made were corrected by the supervisor.
3.6 Reliability of the Study
After the instrument had been validated by the supervisor, the researcher was advised to carry out a pilot test on the instruments. This enabled the researcher ascertain its reliability. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents majorly in Atiba University, University of Ibadan in affiliation with Federal College of Education, Special Education, Oyo and Ekiti State university of Education in affiliation with Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, after the questionnaire had been collected.
3.7 Procedure for data Collection.
The researcher design and print the questionnaire which was personally taken and administered to the selected respondents. The respondents were persuades to fill and return the questionnaire immediately where immediate collection was not possible, the researcher will collect it the following day to ensure that a very high percentage of the questionnaire from administered was collected.
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
The data analysis was done using chi-square structure tools.
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS OF DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the results and discussion of findings on the data collected from field. The analyzing involves the use of percentages tabulation, chi-square data
4.1 Analysis of Respondents Bio-data
Table 4.1: Sex Distribution of the Respondents
Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 36 36%
Female 64 64%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.1shows the frequency and percentage of respondents according to their sex. It shows the gender distribution of the respondent used in the study. The result shows that the male were 36% and female were 64%. The result indicated that number of female used for the study were more than male.
Table 4.2 Marital status Distributionof the Respondents
Distribution by School Frequency Percentage
Private universities used 50 50%
Public Universities used 50 50%
Total 100 100%
Table 4.2 shows the frequency and percentage of respondents according to type of school. The result shows that 50% of respondents were sampled from the Private Universities while other 50% of respondents were sampled from Public Universities.
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions
Table 4.3 Research Question 1: How do students in higher institution are facebooking and uses of other social media network?
Statement Yes No Total
Do you make use of social media 74 26 100
Do you make use of more than one social media daily 80 20 100
Do you spend more time on social media than reading your book 12 88 100
Do you use your social media network to do your school assignment 92 8 100
Do your friend on social media allowed you to do your academic 98 2 100
Total 356 144 500
Group Size Degree of freedom 2
cal 2
Table
Yes 356 4 231.2 9.49
No 114
Significant at alpha value 0.05
The table above indicates that calculated value is 231.2, while the critical value on the chi-square table value at 4 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 9.49. It is obviously seen, that the calculated value is greater than the critical value, hence there is significant relationshipbetween students in higher institution and facebooking and other social media. This finding implies that students are using facebook and other social media for both academic and general purpose.
Table 4.4 Research Question 2 (How does facebooking and social media network can be used as a platform for educational learning in higher institution?)
Statement Yes No Total
Do you think that facebooking am other social media affect your learning 32 67 100
Do you think facebookingan social media site can be effective tool for e-learning 40 60 100
Do you think that social media network can be used to gathered information on students curse of study 82 12 100
Do you think that facebooking has greatly affect students 73 27 100
Do you think many now concentrate of social media than their studies 65 35 100
Total 292 208 500
Group Size Degree of freedom 2
Cal 2
table
Yes
No 292
208 4 87.76 9.49
Significant at alpha value 0.05
The table above indicates that calculated value is 87.76 while the critical value on the chi-square table value at 4 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 9.49. It is obviously seen, that the calculated value is greater than the critical value, hence there is significant relationship between students’ facebooking in higher institution and usage of face book and other social media as platform for educational learning. This indicates that some students are using face book and other social media as a platform for education learning.
Table 4.5Research Question 3: (what are the effects of facebooking and other social media network on students’ academic performance?)
Statement Yes No Total
Use of social media language in academic writing affect academic performance 81 19 100
Speeding much time on social medial affect students, academic performance 33 67 100
Students do prefer facebooking or being on other social media to paying attention to lecturer in class 61 39 100
Students prefar charting to reading academic materials online 87 13 100
Students mislead each other on social media about their school activates 54 46 100
Total 316 184 500
Group Size Degree of freedom 2
cal 2
table
Yes
No 316
184 4 81.0 9.49
Significant at alpha 0.05
The table above indicates that calculated value is 81.0, while the critical value on the chi-square table value at 4 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 9.49. It is obviously seen, that the calculated value is greater than the critical value. There is significant relationship between face booking and other social media and students’ academic performance. This indicates that facebooking and other social media affect students’ academic performance.
Table 4.6: Research Question 4 (What are their benefit they are drawing from facebooking and use of other social media network)
Statement Yes No Total
Do you think use of facebook and other network can boost students intelligent 99 1 100
Can use of facebooking and other social media rob off the student’s performance 31 69 100
Should the use of facebook and social media be discourage among the students 11 89 100
Facebooking is meant for the unserious. Do you agree? 38 72 100
Facebooking and the use of social media should be encourage 80 20 100
Total 259 241 500
Group Size Degree of freedom 2
cal 2
table
Yes
No 259
241 4 217.76 9.49
Significant at alpha value 0.05
The calculated value is 217.76 while the critical value on the chi-square table value at 4 {four} degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 9.49. It is clearly seen, that the calculated value is greater than the critical value, hence there is significant relationship between student in higher institution and benefit draw from using facebook and other social media. This indicates that students derive some benefits from using facebook and other social media.
4.3 Analysis of Research Hypothesis
Table 4.7: Research Hypothesis1 (There is no significant difference on the uses of facebook and other social media networks on students’ academic performance)
Group Size Degree of freedom 2
Cal 2
table Remark
Yes
No 452
248 6 45.5 12.59 Reject null hypothesis
Significant at alpha value 0.05
The calculated value is 45.5 while the critical value on the chi-square table value at 6 degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 9.49. It is clearly seen, that the calculated value is greater than the critical value, hence the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected while we accept the alternative hypothesis (Hi)that is there is significant difference on the uses of facebook and other social media networks on students’ academic performance. This imply that uses of facebook and other social media determine students’ academic performance.
Table 4.9: Research Hypothesis2 (There is no significant difference between private universities studentsand public universities students in facebooking and use of other social media networks)
Options Private University Public University Degree of freedom X2cal X2 tab Remark
Yes 42 39 1 0.45 3.84 Accepted
No 16 11
Significant at alpha value 0.05
The calculated value is 0.45 while the critical value on the chi-square table value at one degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 3.84. It is clearly seen, that the calculated value is less than the critical value, hence the null hypothesis (H0) is accepted while we reject the alternative hypothesis (Hi). That is, there is real evidence that there is no significant difference between private university and public university in facebooking and use of other social media networks. This result indicated that both private and public university students are using facebook and other social media.
Table 4.9: Research Hypothesis3 (There is no significant difference between male and female students using facebook and other social network)
Options Male Female Degree of freedom X2cal X2 tab Remark
Yes 25 38 1 1.002 3.84 Accepted
No 11 26
Significant at alpha value 0.05
The calculated value is 1.002 while the critical value on the chi-square table value at one degree of freedom at 0.05 level of significance is 3.84. It is clearly seen, that the calculated value is less than the critical value, hence the null hypothesis (H0) is accepted while we reject the alternative hypothesis (Hi). That is, there is real evidence that is no significant difference between male and female students using facebook and other social network. This result indicated that uses of face book and other social medial among the student has nothing to with sex. Hence both male and female are engage in usage of facebook and other social media.
4.4 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Facebooking and social media use on student academic performance among universities students. The study found that Facebook has positive impacts on the academic performance of the undergraduate students. This finding correlated with Oskoul (2010) proposed that internet advantageous to both students and teachers if used as a tool of knowledge creation and dissemination. Also, some students spend much of their time using Facebook and other social media for enjoyment which affects their academic performance. It confirms that Facebook addiction negatively affect the academic performance of students. This finding is online with the study carried out by Bedassa, (2014). He stated that these days social media is playing a very significant role in student’s daily life and negatively affect their academic performance if they become addicted to it.
The result of this study further confirm that majority of the students are not engage on facebooking and other social media for academic but for general purpose such as charting with their friend, watching film e.t.c. This finding is similar with finding by Ajao (2001) stated that some students use Facebook only for enjoyment and non-academic purposes which play a negative role on the academic performance of those students . Students use Facebook to faceplate their study career believing it is very helpful for their study.
The study also confirmed that there is no significance difference found between those students in private universities and public universities who use Facebook for academic performance. Similarly, study also confirm that there significant different between male and female students in the Use of Facebooking and other social media.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY
The study was on the influence of facebooking and social media usage, the study was carried out using higher institutions in Oyo town, namely; Atiba University, University of Ibadan in affiliation with Federal College of Education, Special Education, Oyo and Ekiti State university of Education in affiliation with Emmanuel Alayande College of Education. Four research questions were raised to guide and stimulate the study in an understanding position. However, the researcher administered questionnaire which was use as the instrument for gathering relevant data from the respondents, the data were analyzed using chi-square method in chapter four of the study.
The study however, comprise of five chapters in chapter, one of the study covered: introduction, background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, objective of the study, scope of the study, research questions and hypothesis, and definition of terms were discussed under the aforementioned sub-headings above.
In chapter two of the study, the researcher review some work done by other researcher on the influence of facebooking and social media usage and how it affects students’ performance, especially, in most of private universities and public universities used. In chapter three of the study, the researcher explained the methodology used in carrying out the study. Likewise in chapter four of the study, the data gathered from the respondents was analyzed in the chapter with the use of chi-square as the method of analysis.
In chapter five of the study, the researcher summarized, concluded and makesnecessary recommendations on the study.
5.2 CONCLUSION
The primary objective of the research undertaken was to throw light on how effectively the usage of facbooking and social media sites has affected the students by evaluating both the positive and negative aspects. Social media serve to students’ purpose of connecting them with people all across the globe by not hampering their working hours and schedules. Despite the several benefits that come with the participation ofthe students on social media networks, its misuse could badly affect the academic performance.
The findings of this study showed that, there is positive consequence of average study time and negative impact of time spending on various social networking websites on students’ academic performance. It indicates that, the educational performance increases by giving more time on study and decreases for spending more time on social networking websites. Above all, in the era of globalization and technology, a single day can’t be thought without using facebook and social media sites, but should be used in a limited and positive way without getting addicted.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the following recommendations are made:
• The teachers may encourage the students to minimize time wastage on chatting and other irrelevant engagements which are not of major importance by counselling about the negative influence of social media.
• Nigeria Telecommunication Regulatory Commission and parents should monitor activities of the students on social media in order to protect them from pornographic pictures and videos and other unwarranted materials.
• The use of LinkedIn should be increased because the site gives the facilities of linking employers with potential employees, provides a place for individuals to post resumes and offers referrals and for employers to post current job openings.
• Students should be encouraged to utilize social media applications in the way that will positively influence their academic performance.
• Students should be given assignments and research work to keep them busy out of social media negative apps
• Students should not be allowed to use or operate handset in lecture rooms.
• Students should communicate properly to avoid developing bad habits of writing in social media communication.
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